Toll-like receptor 2 regulates interleukin-1beta-dependent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy triggered by Trypanosoma cruzi.

Role for Interleukin-1 in Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy

NFATc1 Mediates Toll-Like Receptor-Independent Innate Immune Responses during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection

Host defense against the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi depends on Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent innate immune responses. Recent studies also suggest the presence of TLR-independent responses to several microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. However, the TLR-independent responses to protozoa remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel TLR-independent inn...

Tollip regulates proinflammatory responses to interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide.

Activation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (IL-1R), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 triggers NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling, thereby initiating immune responses. Tollip has been implicated as a negative regulator of NF-kappaB signaling triggered by these receptors in in vitro studies. Here, deficient mice were used to determine the physiological...

Activation of Toll-like receptor-2 by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from a protozoan parasite.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs) from parasitic protozoa have been shown to exert a wide variety of effects on cells of the host innate immune system. However, the receptor(s) that are triggered by these protozoan glycolipids has not been identified. Here we present evidence that Trypanosoma cruzi-derived GPI anchors and GIPLs trigger CD25 expres...

Trypanosoma cruzi infection and nuclear factor kappa B activation prevent apoptosis in cardiac cells.

Studies of cardiac pathology and heart failure have implicated cardiomyocyte apoptosis as a critical determinant of disease. Recent evidence indicates that the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes heart disease in chronically infected individuals, impinges on host apoptotic pathways in a cell type-dependent manner. T. cruzi infection of isolated neuronal cells and ca...